Principles of hemodynamics
- Hemodynamic principles and calculationsHemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography. Conventional two-dimensional…
- The Bernoulli principle and estimation of pressure gradientsContinuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave…
- The Continuity Equation (The Principle of Continuity)As previously discussed, stroke volume is usually calculated by…
- Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)PISA Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid flows through a circular orifice. The flow will converge and accelerate just…
- Stroke Volume, VTI (Velocity Time Integral) & Cardiac OutputIf the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow Q is the product of the cylinder area a and flow velocity v: