Introduction to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging
Chapters in Introduction to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging.
- Physics of ultrasoundBasic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of any…
- The ultrasound transducerThe ultrasound transducer piezoelectric crystals The ultrasound transducer generates ultrasound (ultrasonic) waves . The transducer is held with one hand and its position and…
- Technical aspects of the ultrasound imageGenerating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…
- Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographyEchocardiography in 2D Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound is the most commonly used modality in echocardiography. The two dimensions presented are width (x axis) and depth (y axis).…
- Optimization of the ultrasound imagePrinciples of image optimization in echocardiography In order to obtain optimal ultrasound images, it is necessary to adjust several parameters continuously during the…
- M-mode (motion mode) echocardiographyM-mode echocardiography M-mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography , it is still used in…
- Doppler effect and Doppler echocardiographyThe Doppler effect When sound waves hit objects some of the sound waves are reflected back to the sound source. If the reflector (i.e the object reflecting the sound waves) is…
- Pulsed Wave DopplerPulsed Wave Doppler The pulsed wave Doppler (PW Doppler) sends short pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves between the pulses. This is accomplished by using the…
- Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)Continuous Wave Doppler In continuous wave Doppler (CW Doppler), ultrasound waves are continuously emitted from the transducer and the reflections of these waves are analyzed…
- Color DopplerColor Doppler Velocities recorded in a sample volume of the pulsed wave Doppler can be presented with a color. A color scale from blue to red is conventionally used. Blue color…
- Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging)Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be used to study…
- Artifacts in ultrasound imagingUltrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non-existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display…
Clinical Echocardiography
Clinical Echocardiography enables you to use echocardiography to its fullest potential in your initial diagnosis, decision making, and clinical management of patients with a wide…
Physics of ultrasound
Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium may consist of any…