Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction
- Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one…
- Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic plaques disrupt, resulting in the activation of thrombocytes and coagulation factors causing the…
- A New Approach to Acute Coronary Syndromes: Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI)The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes ACS into ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI, non-STEMI NSTEMI, and unstable angina…
- Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarctionAn ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia.…
- Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & SymptomsAcute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a…
- Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromesTroponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I TnI, troponin C TnC and troponin T TnT, which…
- Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptomsLike all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP adenosine triphosphate as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing…
- The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarctionMyocardial infarction is virtually synonymous with left ventricular infarction. All myocardial infarctions affect the left ventricle. Right ventricular…
- Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)The traditional distinction between NSTE-ACS NSTEMI,…
- ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-waveThis chapter discusses typical and atypical changes in the ST segment and the T-wave during myocardial ischemia. A thorough discussion of the…
- ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnosesST segment depressions caused by ischemia are characterized by a horizontal or downsloping ST segment. Indeed, North American and European guidelines assert…
- ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnosesST segment elevations with straight horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia Figure 1 A.…
- ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECGThis chapter covers situations in which the 12-lead ECG does not exhibit ST…
- T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's signA thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T-wave was previously provided. Only aspects…
- ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosisLeft main coronary artery LMCA occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial…
- ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-wavesMyocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q-waves. These Q-waves are wider and deeper than normally…
- Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarctionNormal R-wave progression implies that the R-wave amplitude increases gradually from V1 to V5 and then diminishes again in V6. Refer to Figure 1. Abnormal…
- Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarctionBradycardia and conduction defects, such as bundle branch block, fascicular block and AV block, are common in myocardial ischemia and infarction. These…
- ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit)Determining the localization of myocardial infarction and ischemia, as well as identifying the occluded coronary artery and the location of the occlusion,…
- The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusionThe ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood flow has been restored. This assessment is performed daily in the…
- Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECGChest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary health care. The cause etiology of chest pain varies…
- Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, ManagementStable coronary artery disease CAD, frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris, has traditionally been defined and managed as a distinct clinical…
- NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management!/img/2024/07/antithrombotic-regimens-in-patients-with-acute-coronary-syndromes-stemi-nstemi-ua-and-an-indication-for-oral-anticoagulation-1024x569.webphttps:…
- STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Diagnosis, ECG, Criteria, and ManagementAcute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction STEMI is the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease. This chapter deals with the pathophysiology,…
Diagnosis and management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Narrow complex tachycardia & wide complex tachycardia
All clinically significant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been reviewed in previous sections. However, given that each arrhythmia…
Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)
Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one…