Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction
Chapters in Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction.
- Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It…
- Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)Classification, diagnosis and definitions of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Acute coronary syndromes occur when atherosclerotic plaques…
- A New Approach to Acute Coronary Syndromes: Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI)Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA)…
- Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarctionUse of ECG in acute coronary syndromes chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be…
- Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & SymptomsAcute Myocardial Infarction: Definition Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is…
- Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromesTroponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T (TnT) , which enable the…
- The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarctionAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) always affects the left ventricle Myocardial infarction is virtually synonymous with left ventricular infarction . All myocardial infarctions…
- Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE-ACS (NSTEMI, Non-STEMI) and STE-ACS (STEMI)…
- ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-waveECG in acute myocardial ischemia: ischemic ST segment T-wave changes This chapter discusses typical and atypical changes in the ST segment and the T-wave during myocardial…
- ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnosesST segment depression due to acute myocardial ischemia ST segment depressions caused by ischemia are characterized by a horizontal or downsloping ST segment. Indeed, North…
- ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnosesST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute…
- ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECGST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST segment elevations on 12-lead ECG This chapter covers situations in which the 12-lead ECG does not exhibit ST segment…
- T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen’s sign & de Winter’s signT-wave changes in acute myocardial infarction ischemia A thorough discussion regarding the physiology of the T-wave was previously provided. Only aspects relevant to ischemia will…
- ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosisLeft main coronary artery occlusion Left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large…
- ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-wavesPathological Q-waves are evidence of myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q-waves. These Q-waves…
- Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarctionPathological R-wave progression Normal R-wave progression implies that the R-wave amplitude increases gradually from V1 to V5 and then diminishes again in V6. Refer to Figure 1 .…
- Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarctionConduction defects caused by myocardial ischemia and infarction Bradycardia and conduction defects, such as bundle branch block, fascicular block and AV block, are common in…
- ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit)Using the ECG to localize myocardial infarction and the coronary occlusion Determining the localization of myocardial infarction and ischemia, as well as identifying the occluded…
- The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusionThe ECG in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood flow has been restored. This…
- Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECGApproach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in…
- Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, ManagementEvaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…
- STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Diagnosis, ECG, Criteria, and ManagementSTEMI (ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction): Epidemiology, Diagnosis (ECG), Criteria Management Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is the most severe…
- Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Cellular changes, ECG and symptomsMyocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the…
- NSTEMI (Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, ManagementNon-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS): Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus of this chapter is the diagnosis and…
Diagnosis and management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Narrow complex tachycardia & wide complex tachycardia
Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia All clinically significant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been reviewed in previous…
Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)
Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease) Coronary artery disease, which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It…