Arrhythmias and arrhythmology
Chapters in Arrhythmias and arrhythmology.
- Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion…
- Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration) Aberrant conduction is not a mechanism of arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is discussed in this…
- Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats)Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats): ECG and clinical implications Premature ventricular complexes are also referred to…
- Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG and clinical implicationsPremature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus located anywhere in the…
- Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implicationsSinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the ECG. The similarity of the waveforms indicates…
- Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all…
- Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and managementSinus bradycardia: ECG, causes management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per…
- Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate)Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…
- Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)Sinoatrial arrest sinoatrial pause (sinus pause/arrest): ECG characteristics clinical implications A sinoatrial arrest occurs when the sinoatrial node does not discharge an…
- Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical featuresSinoatrial block (SA block): from ECG to clinical management Sinoatrial (SA) block implies that the impulses discharged in the sinoatrial node are either not conducted to the…
- Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)Sinus node dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the…
- Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardiaSinus tachycardia: causes, ECG, normal variants pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result of an…
- Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & managementAtrial fibrillation: definitions, causes, risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is…
- Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and managementAtrial flutter Atrial flutter is the second most common pathological tachyarrhythmia. Only atrial fibrillation is more common. Atrial flutter occurs almost exclusively among…
- Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)Atrial rhythms: ectopic atrial rhythm, atrial tachycardia and multifocal atrial tachycardia Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT, or atrial tachycardia) arises when an ectopic focus…
- Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & managementAtrioventricular Nodal Reentry (Reentrant) Tachycardia (AVNRT): clinical features, mechanisms, ECG management Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common…
- Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndromePre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT) and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome: ECG, clinical characteristics and management Pre-excitation The…
- Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardiaRhythms arising near the atrioventricular node: junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia In this article, you will learn about rhythms arising in, or near, the…
- Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm)Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm) This article provides an overview of ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm, the…
- Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatmentVentricular tachycardia (VT): types, causes, ECG features and management This chapter deals with ventricular tachycardia from a clinical perspective, with emphasis on ECG…
- Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointesThe QT interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of the…
- Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrestVentricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity…
- Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and managementPacemaker-mediated tachycardia (PMT) Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia may arise if the pacemaker records a rapid atrial rate (e.g. during a supraventricular tachycardia) and…
- Diagnosis and management of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias: Narrow complex tachycardia & wide complex tachycardiaDiagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia All clinically significant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been reviewed in previous…
How to interpret the ECG: A systematic approach
A systematic approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the…
Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)
Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion…