Cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes

1. Question

According to the clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended for screening diabetes in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

1. Screening for diabetes using only fasting glucose.
2. Screening for diabetes using only HbA1c.
3. Screening for diabetes is not recommended for individuals with CVD.
4. Screening for diabetes using fasting glucose and/or HbA1c.*
5. Screening for diabetes using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

2. Question

What is recommended for diagnosing diabetes according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. Based solely on symptoms and family history
2. Based on HbA1c and/or fasting plasma glucose, or on an OGTT if still in doubt*
3. Using only random plasma glucose levels
4. Through genetic testing alone
5. Based exclusively on patient-reported outcomes

3. Question

What is recommended for patients with diabetes concerning severe target organ damage (TOD)?

1. It is recommended to screen patients with diabetes for the presence of severe TOD.
2. It is recommended to prescribe statins to patients with diabetes to prevent severe TOD.
3. It is recommended to avoid screening patients with diabetes for severe TOD.
4. It is recommended to monitor blood glucose levels weekly in patients with diabetes to prevent severe TOD.
5. It is recommended to refer patients with diabetes to a cardiologist immediately upon diagnosis to screen for severe TOD.

4. Question

According to the clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended to assess cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes?

1. It is recommended to perform annual stress tests in all patients with diabetes.
2. It is recommended to assess medical history and the presence of symptoms suggestive of ASCVD in patients with diabetes.*
3. It is recommended to prescribe statins to all patients with diabetes regardless of their lipid levels.
4. It is recommended to perform a coronary angiography in all patients with diabetes.
5. It is recommended to measure C-reactive protein levels in all patients with diabetes.

5. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes without symptomatic ASCVD or severe TOD, what is recommended to estimate 10-year cardiovascular disease risk?

1. Estimate 10-year CVD risk via Framingham Risk Score
2. Estimate 10-year CVD risk via QRISK3
3. Estimate 10-year CVD risk via Reynolds Risk Score
4. Estimate 10-year CVD risk via SCORE2-Diabetes*
5. Estimate 10-year CVD risk via ASCVD Risk Estimator

6. Question

What is recommended for individuals living with overweight or obesity to improve metabolic control and overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile?

1. Maintain current weight and increase physical exercise.
2. Reduce weight and increase physical exercise. *
3. Increase weight and decrease physical exercise.
4. Reduce weight and maintain current physical activity levels.
5. Maintain current weight and physical activity levels.

7. Question

Which of the following glucose-lowering medications should be considered in patients with overweight or obesity to reduce weight?

1. Sulfonylureas
2. Insulin
3. Metformin
4. GLP-1 RAs*
5. DPP-4 inhibitors

8. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes and BMI 35 kg/m, when should bariatric surgery be considered according to the clinical practice guidelines?

1. When lifestyle changes alone result in significant weight loss.
2. When initial attempts at lifestyle changes and weight-reducing medications fail to maintain weight loss.*
3. For all patients regardless of the success of lifestyle changes.
4. Only for patients with cardiovascular disease.
5. Exclusively for patients with BMI 40 kg/m.

9. Question

Which type of diet is recommended to lower cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without cardiovascular disease?

1. Low-carbohydrate diet
2. High-protein diet
3. Mediterranean or plant-based diet with high unsaturated fat content*
4. Ketogenic diet
5. Low-fat diet

10. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, what is the recommended amount of weekly physical activity for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), whether or not they have cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

1. 50 minutes of moderate intensity or 25 minutes of vigorous endurance intensity
2. 100 minutes of moderate intensity or 50 minutes of vigorous endurance intensity
3. 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous endurance intensity*
4. 200 minutes of moderate intensity or 100 minutes of vigorous endurance intensity
5. 250 minutes of moderate intensity or 125 minutes of vigorous endurance intensity

11. Question

What is recommended to be adapted in exercise interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes-associated comorbidities such as frailty, neuropathy, or retinopathy?

1. Medication dosage
2. Diet plan
3. Exercise interventions *
4. Sleep schedule
5. Stress management techniques

12. Question

What is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease to improve metabolic control, exercise capacity, quality of life, and reduce cardiovascular events?

1. Dietary modifications
2. Introduction of structured exercise training*
3. Medication adjustment
4. Regular blood glucose monitoring
5. Psychological counseling

13. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without cardiovascular disease, in terms of physical activity/exercise frequency?

1. Resistance exercise only once a week
2. Endurance exercise only once a week
3. Resistance exercise in addition to endurance exercise at least twice a week*
4. Endurance exercise only twice a week
5. Resistance exercise in addition to endurance exercise only once a week

14. Question

Which of the following interventions should be considered to promote physical activity behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without cardiovascular disease?

1. Medication adherence programs
2. Diet modification plans
3. Behavioural theory-based interventions, such as goal-setting, re-evaluation of goals, self-monitoring, and feedback*
4. Regular medical check-ups
5. Smoking cessation programs

15. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease (CVD), what should be considered before starting a structured exercise program?

1. A dietary consultation
2. A medication review
3. A maximal exercise stress test*
4. A mental health evaluation
5. A sleep study

16. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended to increase physical activity behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without cardiovascular disease?

1. Regular counseling sessions with a dietitian
2. Daily medication adherence tracking
3. Use of wearable activity trackers*
4. Participation in group fitness classes
5. Implementation of a low-carbohydrate diet

17. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Increase physical activity
2. Follow a low-carbohydrate diet
3. Stop smoking*
4. Take aspirin daily
5. Reduce sodium intake

18. Question

Which interventions should be considered to improve smoking cessation success rates in patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without cardiovascular disease?

1. Only nicotine replacement therapy
2. Only varenicline
3. Only bupropion
4. Only individual or telephone counselling
5. Nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, and individual or telephone counselling*

19. Question

Which of the following HbA1c targets is recommended to reduce microvascular complications in patients with diabetes?

1. HbA1c <6%
2. HbA1c <6.5%
3. HbA1c <7%*
4. HbA1c <7.5%
5. HbA1c <8%

20. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with diabetes, particularly those with cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

1. Strictly maintain blood glucose levels below 70 mg/dL
2. Avoid hyperglycemia at all costs
3. Avoid hypoglycemia, particularly in patients with CVD*
4. Aim for an HbA1c level below 6.5%
5. Increase the dosage of insulin for better control of blood sugar levels

21. Question

What is recommended for setting HbA1c targets in patients with diabetes?

1. Standardize HbA1c targets for all patients regardless of individual differences.
2. Set HbA1c targets based on average duration of diabetes in the population.
3. Individualize HbA1c targets according to comorbidities, diabetes duration, and life expectancy.*
4. Use the same HbA1c targets for all patients based on their age group.
5. Determine HbA1c targets solely based on the patient's life expectancy.

22. Question

Based on clinical practice guidelines, which of the following recommendations should be considered for reducing coronary artery disease (CAD) in the long term for patients with diabetes?

1. Loose glycaemic control using any available agents
2. Tight glycaemic control using any available agents
3. Loose glycaemic control using agents with proven cardiovascular benefits
4. Tight glycaemic control using agents with proven cardiovascular benefits*
5. No specific glycaemic control measures are recommended

23. Question

Which of the following glucose-lowering treatment strategies is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Use agents without proven CV benefit or proven CV safety
2. Prioritize agents with proven CV safety over all others
3. Use any glucose-lowering agent regardless of cardiovascular benefits
4. Prioritize the use of glucose-lowering agents with proven CV benefits, followed by agents with proven CV safety*
5. Avoid the use of glucose-lowering agents in patients with ASCVD

24. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD to reduce cardiovascular events, independent of baseline or target HbA1c and independent of concomitant glucose-lowering medication?

1. Insulin therapy
2. DPP-4 inhibitors
3. GLP-1 receptor agonists
4. Metformin
5. SGLT2 inhibitors*

25. Question

What is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD to reduce cardiovascular events, independent of baseline or target HbA1c and independent of concomitant glucose-lowering medication?

1. Sulfonylureas
2. DPP-4 inhibitors
3. SGLT2 inhibitors
4. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
5. Insulin therapy

26. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which medication should be considered if additional glucose control is needed?

1. Insulin
2. Sulfonylureas
3. Metformin*
4. Thiazolidinediones
5. DPP-4 inhibitors

27. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) who need additional glucose control and do not have heart failure (HF), which medication may be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Metformin
2. Insulin
3. Pioglitazone*
4. Sulfonylureas
5. DPP-4 inhibitors

28. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes without ASCVD or severe TOD at low or moderate risk, which treatment should be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Sulfonylureas
2. Insulin
3. Metformin*
4. GLP-1 receptor agonists
5. SGLT2 inhibitors

29. Question

In patients with T2DM without ASCVD or severe TOD at high or very high risk, which treatment may be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Insulin
2. Metformin*
3. Sulfonylureas
4. DPP-4 inhibitors
5. SGLT2 inhibitors

30. Question

In patients with type 2 diabetes without ASCVD or severe TOD but with a calculated 10-year CVD risk 10%, what treatment may be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Insulin therapy
2. Metformin
3. Sulfonylureas
4. SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP-1 RA*
5. DPP-4 inhibitor

31. Question

What is recommended for all patients with diabetes to reduce cardiovascular risk according to the guidelines on blood pressure management?

1. Regular BP measurements
2. Occasional BP measurements
3. BP measurements only when symptoms are present
4. Annual BP measurements
5. BP measurements only during hospital visits

32. Question

At what office blood pressure (BP) level is anti-hypertensive drug treatment recommended for people with diabetes?

1. 120/80 mmHg
2. 130/85 mmHg
3. 140/90 mmHg*
4. 150/95 mmHg
5. 160/100 mmHg

33. Question

What is the recommended systolic blood pressure (SBP) target for hypertensive patients with diabetes, according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. 140 mmHg
2. <120 mmHg
3. 130 mmHg and <130 mmHg if tolerated, but not <120 mmHg*
4. 120-125 mmHg
5. >140 mmHg

34. Question

What is the recommended on-treatment systolic blood pressure (SBP) target for patients with diabetes at particularly high risk of a cerebrovascular event to further reduce their risk of stroke?

1. <120 mmHg
2. <130 mmHg*
3. <140 mmHg
4. <150 mmHg
5. <160 mmHg

35. Question

Which of the following lifestyle changes is recommended for patients with diabetes and hypertension according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. Increased consumption of high-fat dairy products
2. Sodium restriction*
3. Reduced physical activity
4. Increased alcohol intake
5. Decreased consumption of vegetables

36. Question

In patients with diabetes, which combination of medications is recommended to initiate treatment for blood pressure management?

1. Beta-blocker and thiazide diuretic
2. ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker
3. RAS inhibitor and CCB or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic*
4. ARB and loop diuretic
5. Calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker

37. Question

Quiz Question: According to clinical practice guidelines, what should be considered in patients with diabetes on anti-hypertensive treatments to ensure that blood pressure is appropriately controlled?

1. Regular in-office BP measurements
2. Annual cardiovascular risk assessment
3. Home BP self-monitoring*
4. Monthly cholesterol level checks
5. Daily physical activity tracking

38. Question

In the management of blood pressure in patients with diabetes, which method should be considered to assess abnormal 24-hour BP patterns, including nocturnal hypertension and reduced or reversed nocturnal BP dipping, and to adjust anti-hypertensive treatment?

1. Home blood pressure monitoring
2. Office blood pressure measurement
3. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring*
4. Random blood pressure checks
5. Manual blood pressure measurement

39. Question

What is the recommended LDL-C target for patients with T2DM at moderate CV risk according to the clinical practice guidelines?

1. <1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL)
2. <2.0 mmol/L (<80 mg/dL)
3. <2.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL)*
4. <3.0 mmol/L (<115 mg/dL)
5. <3.4 mmol/L (<130 mg/dL)

40. Question

In patients with T2DM at high CV risk, what is the recommended LDL-C target?

1. <2.0 mmol/L (<77 mg/dL)
2. <1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL)*
3. <1.5 mmol/L (<58 mg/dL)
4. <2.2 mmol/L (<85 mg/dL)
5. <1.2 mmol/L (<46 mg/dL)

41. Question

In patients with T2DM at very high CV risk, what is the recommended LDL-C target according to the guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia in diabetes?

1. <1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL)
2. <2.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL)
3. <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL)*
4. <3.4 mmol/L (<130 mg/dL)
5. <2.0 mmol/L (<80 mg/dL)

42. Question

What is the recommended non-HDL-C target for very high CV-risk patients with T2DM according to the guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia?

1. <1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL)
2. <2.2 mmol/L (<85 mg/dL)*
3. <2.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL)
4. <3.0 mmol/L (<115 mg/dL)
5. <3.5 mmol/L (<135 mg/dL)

43. Question

In patients with diabetes and above target LDL-C levels, which of the following is recommended as the first-choice LDL-C-lowering treatment?

1. Fibrates
2. Niacin
3. Ezetimibe
4. Statins*
5. Omega-3 fatty acids

44. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with diabetes at very high cardiovascular risk who have persistently high LDL-C levels above target despite treatment with a maximum tolerated statin dose, in combination with ezetimibe, or in patients with statin intolerance?

1. ACE inhibitors
2. Beta-blockers
3. PCSK9 inhibitor*
4. Calcium channel blockers
5. Diuretics

45. Question

What is recommended if the target LDL-C is not reached with statins in patients with dyslipidaemia and diabetes?

1. Increasing the dose of statins
2. Combination therapy with ezetimibe*
3. Switching to a different class of lipid-lowering drugs
4. Adding a fibrate to the treatment
5. Incorporating lifestyle changes only

46. Question

In the management of dyslipidaemia in patients with diabetes, what treatment should be considered if a statin-based regimen is not tolerated at any dosage (even after re-challenge)?

1. Increase the dosage of the statin
2. Add a fibrate to the treatment plan
3. Consider using a bile acid sequestrant
4. Add a PCSK9 inhibitor to ezetimibe*
5. Switch to a different class of antihypertensive drugs

47. Question

When a statin-based regimen is not tolerated at any dosage (even after re-challenge) in patients with diabetes, which medication should be considered?

1. Niacin
2. Fibrates
3. Fish oil supplements
4. Ezetimibe*
5. Bile acid sequestrants

48. Question

In patients with diabetes and hypertriglyceridaemia, which lipid-lowering treatment may be considered in combination with a statin?

1. Low-dose icosapent ethyl (1 g b.i.d.)
2. High-dose icosapent ethyl (2 g b.i.d.)*
3. Omega-3 fatty acids (1 g daily)
4. Fibrate therapy (200 mg daily)
5. Niacin (500 mg daily)

49. Question

In adults with T2DM without a history of symptomatic ASCVD or revascularization, what medication may be considered to prevent the first severe vascular event, in the absence of clear contraindications?

1. Warfarin
2. Clopidogrel
3. ASA (75100 mg o.d.)*
4. Heparin
5. Atorvastatin

50. Question

In patients with diabetes and a history of previous myocardial infarction (MI) or revascularization (CABG or stenting), what is the recommended dose of ASA for antithrombotic therapy?

1. 5075 mg o.d.
2. 75100 mg o.d.*
3. 100150 mg o.d.
4. 150200 mg o.d.
5. 200250 mg o.d.

51. Question

In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and diabetes who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), what is the recommended antithrombotic therapy to be maintained over 12 months in addition to ASA (75100 mg o.d.)?

1. Warfarin
2. Clopidogrel
3. Ticagrelor or Prasugrel*
4. Dabigatran
5. Rivaroxaban

52. Question

In patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and no indications for long-term oral anticoagulation, what is the recommended duration for adding Clopidogrel 75 mg o.d. to ASA after coronary stenting, irrespective of stent type, unless contraindicated by risk or life-threatening bleeding?

1. 3 months
2. 6 months*
3. 9 months
4. 12 months
5. 18 months

53. Question

In patients with diabetes and acute or chronic coronary syndrome without indications for long-term oral anticoagulation, what is recommended as an alternative therapy in case of ASA intolerance?

1. Warfarin
2. Heparin
3. Dabigatran
4. Clopidogrel*
5. Rivaroxaban

54. Question

In patients with diabetes and ACS treated with DAPT who are undergoing CABG and do not require long-term OAC therapy, what is recommended regarding the resumption of a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor?

1. Resuming a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor immediately after surgery and continuing it indefinitely
2. Resuming a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor as soon as deemed safe after surgery and continuing it up to 12 months*
3. Discontinuing P2Y12 receptor inhibitor permanently after surgery
4. Resuming a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor only if there are symptoms of ACS recurrence
5. Initiating a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor treatment 6 months after surgery and continuing it up to 12 months

55. Question

In patients with diabetes and acute or chronic coronary syndrome without indications for long-term oral anticoagulation, what is the recommended duration for prolonging DAPT beyond 12 months after ACS?

1. Up to 6 months
2. Up to 1 year
3. Up to 2 years
4. Up to 3 years*
5. Up to 5 years

56. Question

In patients with diabetes and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) or symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) without high bleeding risk, what additional medication to low-dose ASA is recommended for long-term prevention of serious vascular events?

1. High-dose ASA
2. Clopidogrel
3. Ticagrelor
4. Very low-dose rivaroxaban*
5. Warfarin

57. Question

In patients with AF and antiplatelet therapy, eligible for anticoagulation and without a contraindication, which type of anticoagulant is recommended in preference?

1. Vitamin K antagonist (VKA)
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
3. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs)*
4. Aspirin
5. Warfarin

58. Question

In patients with ACS or CCS and diabetes undergoing coronary stent implantation and having an indication for anticoagulation, what is the recommended initial therapy?

1. Dual therapy with low-dose ASA and clopidogrel
2. Dual therapy with low-dose ASA and an OAC
3. Triple therapy with low-dose ASA, clopidogrel, and an OAC for at least 1 week, followed by dual therapy with an OAC and a single, oral, antiplatelet agent*
4. Single therapy with an OAC
5. Triple therapy with low-dose ASA, clopidogrel, and an OAC for at least 1 month, followed by dual therapy with low-dose ASA and clopidogrel

59. Question

In patients with ACS or CCS and diabetes undergoing coronary stent implantation and having an indication for anticoagulation, what should be considered if the thrombotic risk outweighs the bleeding risk in the individual patient?

1. Prolonging triple therapy with high-dose ASA, clopidogrel, and an OAC up to 1 month.
2. Prolonging triple therapy with low-dose ASA, clopidogrel, and an OAC up to 1 month.*
3. Prolonging triple therapy with low-dose ASA, prasugrel, and an OAC up to 1 month.
4. Prolonging dual therapy with low-dose ASA and clopidogrel up to 1 month.
5. Prolonging dual therapy with clopidogrel and an OAC up to 1 month.

60. Question

In patients with ACS or CCS and diabetes undergoing coronary stent implantation and having an indication for anticoagulation, how long may prolonging triple therapy with low-dose ASA, clopidogrel, and an OAC be considered if the thrombotic risk outweighs the bleeding risk in the individual patient?

1. 1 month
2. 2 months
3. 3 months*
4. 6 months
5. 12 months

61. Question

When antithrombotic drugs are used in combination for patients with diabetes, what is recommended to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding?

1. H2 receptor antagonists
2. Antacids
3. Probiotics
4. Proton pump inhibitors*
5. Bismuth subsalicylate

62. Question

In patients with diabetes taking antithrombotic drugs, what is recommended to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding when a single antiplatelet or anticoagulant drug is used?

1. Histamine H2-receptor antagonists should be considered.
2. Antacids should be used regularly.
3. Proton pump inhibitors should be considered, considering the bleeding risk of the individual patient.*
4. Sucralfate should be prescribed.
5. No additional medication is necessary.

63. Question

When clopidogrel is used in patients with diabetes taking antithrombotic drugs, which of the following medications is not recommended for gastric protection?

1. Lansoprazole
2. Pantoprazole
3. Omeprazole*
4. Ranitidine
5. Famotidine

64. Question

What is recommended for managing patients with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease?

1. Focus solely on blood glucose levels.
2. Prioritize lifestyle changes over medication.
3. Avoid early treatment of risk factors and comorbidities.
4. Identifying and treating risk factors and comorbidities early.
5. Delay treatment until symptoms become severe.

65. Question

What is recommended for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to the clinical practice guidelines?

1. A single-target approach to managing T2DM is recommended.
2. A focus solely on blood glucose levels is recommended for managing T2DM.
3. A diet-only approach to managing T2DM is recommended.
4. A multifactorial approach to managing T2DM with treatment targets is recommended.*
5. A medication-only approach to managing T2DM is recommended.

66. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease?

1. Single-discipline behavioural approaches
2. Pharmacological interventions only
3. Multidisciplinary behavioural approaches that combine the knowledge and skills of different caregivers*
4. Lifestyle changes without professional guidance
5. Surgical interventions

67. Question

Based on the guideline for patients with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease, which of the following approaches should be considered to induce behavioral changes?

1. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
2. Pharmacotherapy
3. Motivational interviewing*
4. Surgical intervention
5. Nutritional supplements

68. Question

What intervention may be considered to improve the risk profile in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular disease?

1. Dietary supplements
2. In-person consultations
3. Telehealth*
4. Surgery
5. Physical therapy

69. Question

In patients with diabetes, what is the recommended approach for revascularization techniques?

1. Implement different revascularization techniques for patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes.
2. Avoid the use of DES and radial approach for PCI in patients with diabetes.
3. Use the right internal mammary artery as the graft for CABG in patients with diabetes.
4. Implement similar revascularization techniques, such as the use of DES and the radial approach for PCI, and the use of the left internal mammary artery as the graft for CABG, in patients with and without diabetes.*
5. Avoid revascularization in patients with diabetes.

70. Question

Under which conditions is myocardial revascularization recommended in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and diabetes?

1. When angina persists despite treatment with anti-anginal drugs.
2. When a documented large area of ischemia (>10% LV) is present.
3. When angina persists despite treatment with anti-anginal drugs or a documented large area of ischemia (>10% LV) is present.*
4. Only when angina persists despite treatment with anti-anginal drugs.
5. Only when a documented large area of ischemia (>10% LV) is present.

71. Question

In patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock and with multi-vessel CAD, what is recommended?

1. Partial revascularization
2. No revascularization
3. Complete revascularization*
4. Revascularization only in the most affected vessel
5. Pharmacological treatment only

72. Question

In patients with NSTE-ACS without cardiogenic shock and with multi-vessel CAD, what should be considered according to the clinical practice guidelines for revascularization in patients with diabetes?

1. Partial revascularization
2. Pharmacological therapy only
3. Conservative management
4. Complete revascularization*
5. Lifestyle modification only

73. Question

What is not recommended for MI patients with multivessel disease presenting with cardiogenic shock according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. Routine immediate revascularization of non-culprit lesions
2. Delayed revascularization of non-culprit lesions
3. Routine revascularization of the culprit lesion only
4. Routine medical management without revascularization
5. Immediate revascularization of the culprit lesion only

74. Question

In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), what is recommended to be assessed at the initial evaluation?

1. Blood pressure
2. Cholesterol levels
3. Glycaemic status*
4. Renal function
5. Electrolyte balance

75. Question

According to the clinical practice guidelines, how often should blood glucose levels be monitored in patients with known diabetes or hyperglycaemia (defined as glucose levels 11.1 mmol/L or 200 mg/dL)?

1. Once a day
2. Twice a day
3. Every hour
4. Frequently*
5. Only when symptomatic

76. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, what should be considered in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who have persistent hyperglycaemia?

1. Immediate discontinuation of glucose-lowering therapy
2. Glucose-lowering therapy should be considered, while episodes of hypoglycaemia should be avoided*
3. Only lifestyle modifications should be recommended
4. Strict glucose control with the goal of achieving normoglycaemia at all times
5. Initiation of insulin therapy only

77. Question

What is recommended to measure if heart failure (HF) is suspected in patients with diabetes?

1. Troponin I
2. BNP/NT-proBNP*
3. D-dimer
4. C-reactive protein (CRP)
5. Serum creatinine

78. Question

In patients with diabetes mellitus, what is recommended at each clinical encounter to evaluate for heart failure (HF)?

1. Annual echocardiogram screening
2. Routine laboratory tests for cardiac biomarkers
3. Systematic survey for HF symptoms and/or signs of HF*
4. Periodic exercise stress testing
5. Regular measurement of blood pressure only

79. Question

Which diagnostic test is recommended for all patients with suspected heart failure (HF)?

1. Echocardiogram
2. Chest X-ray
3. Cardiac MRI
4. 12-lead ECG*
5. Blood tests

80. Question

Which diagnostic test is recommended for all patients with suspected heart failure according to the clinical practice guidelines for heart failure screening and diagnosis in patients with diabetes?

1. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2. Transthoracic echocardiography*
3. Cardiac catheterization
4. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
5. Chest X-ray

81. Question

Which diagnostic test is recommended for all patients with suspected heart failure (HF)?

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
2. Echocardiogram
3. Chest radiography (X-ray)*
4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
5. Blood tests

82. Question

Which of the following routine blood tests is recommended for patients suspected of having heart failure, according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. Blood glucose levels
2. Full blood count*
3. Liver function tests
4. Calcium levels
5. Vitamin D levels

83. Question

Which class of medications is recommended for all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular death?

1. ACE inhibitors
2. Beta-blockers
3. Calcium channel blockers
4. SGLT2 inhibitors*
5. Diuretics

84. Question

In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and diabetes, which pharmacological treatment is recommended to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and death?

1. Beta-blockers
2. Sacubitril/valsartan or an ACE-I*
3. Digoxin
4. Diuretics
5. Calcium channel blockers

85. Question

Which pharmacological treatment is recommended for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and diabetes to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and death?

1. ACE inhibitors
2. Calcium channel blockers
3. Diuretics
4. Beta-blockers*
5. Digoxin

86. Question

Which pharmacological treatment is recommended for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and diabetes to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization and death?

1. ACE inhibitors
2. Beta-blockers
3. MRAsc*
4. ARBs
5. SGLT2 inhibitors

87. Question

Which of the following strategies is recommended to reduce re-admissions or mortality in patients with HFrEF (NYHA class IIIV) and diabetes following a heart failure hospitalization?

1. Initiation of non-evidence-based treatments and gradual up-titration over 6 months.
2. Intensive strategy of early initiation of evidence-based treatment (SGLT2 inhibitors, ARNI/ACE-Is, beta-blockers, and MRAs) with rapid up-titration to trial-defined target doses starting before discharge and with frequent follow-up visits in the first 6 weeks following a HF hospitalization.*
3. Delayed initiation of evidence-based treatments, starting 3 months after discharge.
4. Use of SGLT2 inhibitors only, without the need for other medications.
5. Early discharge without follow-up visits or medication adjustments.

88. Question

Which of the following device therapies is recommended for patients with diabetes, as in the general population with HFrEF?

1. ICD
2. CRT-P
3. CRT-D
4. All of the above*
5. None of the above

89. Question

In patients with HFrEF (NYHA class IIIV) and diabetes who do not tolerate sacubitril/valsartan or ACE-Is, which treatment is recommended to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization and CV death?

1. Beta-blockers
2. Calcium channel blockers
3. ARBs*
4. Nitrates
5. Digoxin

90. Question

In patients with HFrEF and diabetes, what is the recommendation for the use of diuretics?

1. Diuretics are not recommended due to a lack of evidence.
2. Diuretics are recommended to improve survival rates.
3. Diuretics are recommended to improve symptoms, exercise capacity, and HF hospitalization.*
4. Diuretics are recommended only in combination with insulin.
5. Diuretics are recommended to manage blood glucose levels.

91. Question

What medication should be considered to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization and CV death in patients with HFrEF and diabetes in sinus rhythm, with a resting heart rate 70 b.p.m., who remain symptomatic despite treatment with beta-blockers (maximum tolerated dose), ACE-Is/ARBs, and MRAs?

1. Digoxin
2. Spironolactone
3. Metoprolol
4. Ivabradine*
5. Verapamil

92. Question

In patients with HFrEF (NYHA class IIIV) and diabetes, which treatment should be considered in self-identified Black patients with LVEF 35% or with an LVEF <45% combined with dilated left ventricle in NYHA class IIIIV despite treatment with an ACE-I (or ARNI), a beta-blocker, and an MRA, to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization and death?

1. Digoxin
2. Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate*
3. Amlodipine
4. Spironolactone
5. Warfarin

93. Question

In patients with symptomatic HFrEF in sinus rhythm despite treatment with sacubitril/valsartan or an ACE-I, a beta-blocker, and an MRA, which medication may be considered to reduce the risk of hospitalization?

1. Amiodarone
2. Digoxin*
3. Furosemide
4. Spironolactone
5. Metoprolol

94. Question

Which medications are recommended for patients with T2DM and LVEF >40% to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization or CV death?

1. Metformin
2. Lisinopril
3. Empagliflozin*
4. Atorvastatin
5. Dapagliflozin*

95. Question

Which of the following treatments is recommended for patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF and diabetes with signs and/or symptoms of fluid congestion to improve symptoms, exercise capacity, and HF hospitalization?

1. Beta-blockers
2. ACE inhibitors
3. Diuretics*
4. Calcium channel blockers
5. Statins

96. Question

Which glucose-lowering medications are recommended in patients with T2DM with multiple ASCVD risk factors or established ASCVD to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization?

1. Metformin
2. SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin, or sotagliflozin)*
3. Sulfonylureas
4. DPP-4 inhibitors
5. GLP-1 receptor agonists

97. Question

Which glucose-lowering medications are recommended in patients with T2DM and HFrEF to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization and CV death?

1. Metformin
2. SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, or sotagliflozin)*
3. GLP-1 receptor agonists
4. DPP-4 inhibitors
5. Insulin

98. Question

Which glucose-lowering medications are recommended in patients with T2DM and LVEF >40% to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization or CV death?

1. Metformin
2. Insulin
3. Empagliflozin
4. Dapagliflozin
5. Both Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin*

99. Question

Which class of glucose-lowering agents has a neutral effect on the risk of HF hospitalization and should be considered for glucose-lowering treatment in patients with T2DM at risk of or with HF?

1. SGLT-2 inhibitors
2. DPP-4 inhibitors
3. GLP-1 receptor agonists (lixisenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, exenatide ER, dulaglutide, efpeglenatide)*
4. Insulin
5. Thiazolidinediones

100. Question

Which glucose-lowering agents have a neutral effect on the risk of heart failure hospitalization and should be considered for treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at risk of or with heart failure?

1. Metformin
2. Sulfonylureas
3. Thiazolidinediones
4. DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin and linagliptin)*
5. Insulin

101. Question

Which basal insulins have a neutral effect on the risk of heart failure hospitalization and should be considered for glucose-lowering treatment in patients with T2DM at risk of or with heart failure?

1. Lispro and Aspart
2. NPH and Detemir
3. Glargine and Degludec*
4. Regular insulin and NPH
5. Detemir and Lispro

102. Question

Which glucose-lowering treatment should be considered for patients with T2DM and heart failure (HF) if additional glucose control is needed?

1. Sulfonylureas
2. Insulin
3. Thiazolidinediones
4. Metformin*
5. GLP-1 receptor agonists

103. Question

Which glucose-lowering medication is associated with an increased risk of incident heart failure (HF) in patients with diabetes and is not recommended for glucose-lowering treatment in patients at risk of HF or with previous HF?

1. Metformin
2. Glipizide
3. Sitagliptin
4. Pioglitazone*
5. Insulin

104. Question

Which glucose-lowering medication is associated with an increased risk of heart failure hospitalization in patients with diabetes and is not recommended for glucose-lowering treatment in patients at risk of heart failure or with previous heart failure?

1. Metformin
2. Liraglutide
3. Empagliflozin
4. Saxagliptin*
5. Pioglitazone

105. Question

In patients requiring glucose-lowering treatment, which of the following is recommended?

1. Continuing agents without proven cardiovascular (CV) benefit or safety
2. Switching glucose-lowering treatment from agents without proven CV benefit or safety to agents with proven CV benefit*
3. Initiating treatment with agents that have no proven CV benefit
4. Using glucose-lowering agents regardless of their CV benefit or safety
5. Prioritizing cost over CV benefit in glucose-lowering treatment decisions

106. Question

In patients with diabetes, what is recommended for opportunistic screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) in individuals aged 65 years or older?

1. Regular blood pressure monitoring
2. Opportunistic screening for AF by pulse taking or ECG
3. Annual cholesterol checks
4. Routine exercise stress testing
5. Monthly blood glucose measurements

107. Question

In patients with diabetes <65 years of age, particularly when other risk factors are present, which method of screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) is recommended due to the higher AF frequency at a younger age?

1. Regular blood tests
2. Opportunistic screening by pulse taking or ECG*
3. Annual chest X-rays
4. Continuous glucose monitoring
5. Routine echocardiography

108. Question

What is the recommendation for systematic ECG screening to detect atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes?

1. It should be considered for all patients with diabetes.
2. It should be considered for patients aged 65 years.
3. It should be considered for patients aged 75 years, or those at high risk of stroke.*
4. It should not be considered for any patients with diabetes.
5. It should only be considered for patients with a previous history of stroke.

109. Question

What is recommended for preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes who have at least one additional (CHA2DS2-VASc) risk factor for stroke?

1. Aspirin therapy
2. Lifestyle modification
3. Oral anticoagulation*
4. Beta-blocker therapy
5. Statin therapy

110. Question

For preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes, which type of anticoagulant is recommended in preference, except for patients with mechanical valve prostheses or moderate to severe mitral stenosis?

1. Warfarin (VKA)
2. Aspirin
3. NOACs*
4. Heparin
5. Clopidogrel

111. Question

In patients with atrial fibrillation and diabetes but no other CHA2DS2-VASc risk factor for stroke, what is recommended to prevent stroke?

1. Dual antiplatelet therapy
2. No anticoagulation
3. Oral anticoagulation*
4. Aspirin alone
5. Lifestyle modifications

112. Question

In patients with diabetes and atrial fibrillation (AF), what tool should be considered to identify modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for bleeding and determine the need for closer follow-up?

1. CHA2DS2-VASc score
2. HAS-BLED score*
3. Framingham risk score
4. GRACE score
5. TIMI score

113. Question

For patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, which of the following treatments is recommended for intensive LDL-C lowering?

1. Statins alone
2. Statin/ezetimibe combination
3. Statins or a statin/ezetimibe combination*
4. Ezetimibe alone
5. Neither statins nor ezetimibe

114. Question

What blood pressure target is recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and albuminuria?

1. 140/90 mmHg
2. 150/90 mmHg
3. 130/80 mmHg*
4. 120/80 mmHg
5. 110/70 mmHg

115. Question

What is the recommended HbA1c target range for patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes to reduce microvascular complications?

1. 5.06.5% (3148 mmol/mol)
2. 6.07.5% (4258 mmol/mol)
3. 6.58.0% (4864 mmol/mol)
4. 7.09.0% (5375 mmol/mol)
5. 7.510.0% (5886 mmol/mol)

116. Question

In patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, what is recommended regarding the use of ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)?

1. A low dose of an ACE-I or ARB is recommended.
2. An intermittent dose of an ACE-I or ARB is recommended.
3. The maximum tolerated dose of an ACE-I or ARB is recommended.*
4. A combination of both ACE-I and ARB is recommended.
5. The use of ACE-I or ARB is not recommended.

117. Question

Which medication is recommended for patients with T2DM and CKD with an eGFR 20 mL/min/1.73 m to reduce the risk of CVD and kidney failure?

1. Metformin
2. Insulin
3. Pioglitazone
4. SGLT2 inhibitor (canagliflozin, empagliflozin, or dapagliflozin)*
5. GLP-1 receptor agonist

118. Question

In patients with T2DM and chronic kidney disease, under which conditions is Finerenone recommended in addition to an ACE-I or ARB to reduce cardiovascular events and kidney failure?

1. eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m with a UACR of 10 mg/mmol (100 mg/g)
2. eGFR 2560 mL/min/1.73 m and UACR 1 mg/mmol (10 mg/g)
3. eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m with a UACR of 30 mg/mmol (300 mg/g)*
4. eGFR <25 mL/min/1.73 m and UACR 3 mg/mmol (30 mg/g)
5. eGFR 2560 mL/min/1.73 m and UACR 1 mg/mmol (10 mg/g)

119. Question

In patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, at what eGFR is a GLP-1 RA recommended to achieve adequate glycaemic control due to its low risk of hypoglycaemia and beneficial effects on weight, CV risk, and albuminuria?

1. >30 mL/min/1.73 m
2. >60 mL/min/1.73 m
3. >15 mL/min/1.73 m*
4. >45 mL/min/1.73 m
5. >90 mL/min/1.73 m

120. Question

Which of the following is recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)?

1. High-dose ASA (300 mg o.d.)
2. Low-dose ASA (75100 mg o.d.)*
3. Low-dose ASA (1030 mg o.d.)
4. Medium-dose ASA (150200 mg o.d.)
5. No ASA use

121. Question

In patients with diabetes mellitus, what is recommended for routine screening of kidney disease according to clinical practice guidelines?

1. Assessing serum creatinine levels alone
2. Using urine dipstick tests for proteinuria
3. Assessing eGFR defined by CKD-EPI and UACR*
4. Measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels
5. Performing renal ultrasound annually

122. Question

In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and stable moderate or severe coronary artery disease (CAD), which of the following treatment strategies is recommended?

1. Conservative medical management
2. Intensive medical management or an initial invasive strategy*
3. Lifestyle modifications alone
4. Invasive strategy only
5. Pharmacological treatment without invasive procedures

123. Question

In managing patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, for which conditions might kidney specialist advice be considered?

1. Managing elevated blood glucose levels
2. Managing raised serum phosphate, other evidence of CKD-MBD, and renal anaemia*
3. Managing high blood pressure
4. Managing heart disease
5. Managing electrolyte imbalances

124. Question

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes?

1. Combined use of an ARB with an ACE-I is recommended.
2. Combined use of an ARB with an ACE-I should be considered under certain conditions.
3. Combined use of an ARB with an ACE-I is not recommended. *
4. Combined use of an ARB with an ACE-I is recommended only for patients without hypertension.
5. Combined use of an ARB with an ACE-I is recommended for patients with severe proteinuria.

125. Question

In patients with diabetes and symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD), what therapy is recommended?

1. Anticoagulant therapy
2. Antiplatelet therapy*
3. Statin therapy
4. Insulin therapy
5. Beta-blocker therapy

126. Question

In patients with diabetes and CLTI, what is recommended to assess the risk of amputation?

1. Conduct a routine blood glucose test
2. Use the WIfI score
3. Perform an echocardiogram
4. Measure blood pressure in the lower extremities
5. Initiate anticoagulant therapy

127. Question

What is the recommended LDL-C target for patients with diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) due to their very high cardiovascular risk?

1. <1.8 mmol/L (<70 mg/dL)
2. <2.0 mmol/L (<77 mg/dL)
3. <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL)*
4. <1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL)
5. <1.6 mmol/L (<62 mg/dL)

128. Question

Quiz Question: According to clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended for the screening of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in patients with diabetes?

1. Screening for LEAD is recommended only if symptoms are present.
2. Screening for LEAD is recommended only once every five years.
3. Screening for LEAD is recommended on a regular basis, with clinical assessment and/or ABI measurement.*
4. Screening for LEAD is not recommended for patients with diabetes.
5. Screening for LEAD is recommended using only clinical assessment.

129. Question

In patients with diabetes, especially those with lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD), what is recommended for improving limb salvage?

1. Regular exercise and physical therapy
2. Patient education about foot care and early recognition of tissue loss and/or infection, with referral to a multidisciplinary team*
3. Strict dietary control and weight loss programs
4. Routine blood glucose monitoring and insulin therapy
5. Annual cardiovascular stress tests and angiography

130. Question

What is the diagnostic criterion for lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) according to the guideline recommendation, and what further assessment is advised in symptomatic cases?

1. An ABI 0.80, with further assessment including MRI in symptomatic cases.
2. An ABI 0.90, with further assessment including duplex ultrasound in symptomatic cases.*
3. An ABI 1.00, with further assessment including CT angiography in symptomatic cases.
4. An ABI 0.85, with further assessment including PET scan in symptomatic cases.
5. An ABI 0.95, with further assessment including echocardiogram in symptomatic cases.

131. Question

When the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is elevated (>1.40) in patients with lower extremity arterial disease, which other non-invasive test(s) are recommended?

1. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
2. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
3. Exercise Stress Test
4. Toe-Brachial Index (TBI) or duplex ultrasound*
5. Coronary Angiography

132. Question

Which imaging method is recommended as the first-line to assess the anatomy and hemodynamic status of lower-extremity arteries in patients with peripheral arterial disease?

1. MRI
2. CT Angiography
3. Duplex Ultrasound*
4. PET Scan
5. X-ray

133. Question

In the management of CLTI in patients with diabetes, what is recommended for limb salvage whenever feasible?

1. Amputation
2. Physical therapy
3. Revascularization*
4. Medication therapy
5. Observation

134. Question

In patients with chronic symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) without high bleeding risk, what combination of medications should be considered?

1. High-dose rivaroxaban (10 mg b.i.d.) and ASA (100 mg o.d.)
2. Low-dose rivaroxaban (2.5 mg b.i.d.) and ASA (81 mg o.d.)
3. Low-dose rivaroxaban (2.5 mg b.i.d.) and ASA (100 mg o.d.)*
4. Clopidogrel (75 mg o.d.) and ASA (100 mg o.d.)
5. Warfarin (5 mg o.d.) and ASA (100 mg o.d.)

135. Question

In patients with diabetes and carotid artery disease, what is recommended regarding the diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies?

1. Use different diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies compared to patients without diabetes.
2. Avoid surgical interventions and prefer medical management only.
3. Implement the same diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies as in patients without diabetes.*
4. Use more conservative medical management only.
5. Prioritize endovascular strategies over surgical interventions regardless of the condition of the patient.

136. Question

In patients with diabetes and aortic aneurysm, which of the following is recommended regarding diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies?

1. Implement a unique diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies specifically for diabetic patients.
2. Implement the same diagnostic work-up and therapeutic strategies as in patients without diabetes.*
3. Avoid surgical interventions and rely solely on medical management.
4. Prefer endovascular strategies over surgical ones regardless of the patient's condition.
5. Implement more aggressive therapeutic strategies than those used for non-diabetic patients.

137. Question

In patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), what is recommended regarding the adjustment of glucose-lowering medication?

1. It should be adjusted only by the primary care physician.
2. It should follow principles of patient self-management under the guidance of the diabetes health care multi-disciplinary team.*
3. It should be based solely on patient self-management without any professional guidance.
4. It should be adjusted according to a standard protocol without individualization.
5. It should be managed by an endocrinologist without input from other health care professionals.

138. Question

**What is recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes, particularly those with established cardiovascular disease (CVD)?**

1. Increasing physical activity levels
2. Avoiding hypoglycaemic episodes*
3. Reducing dietary carbohydrate intake
4. Using insulin pumps
5. Monitoring blood pressure regularly

139. Question

In patients older than 40 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), what intervention should be considered to reduce cardiovascular risk?

1. Beta-blockers for blood pressure management
2. ACE inhibitors for kidney protection
3. Statins for LDL-C lowering*
4. Aspirin for antiplatelet therapy
5. Insulin for glucose control

140. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, under what conditions should statins be considered for adults younger than 40 years with type 1 diabetes to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk?

1. Only if they have a 10-year CVD risk 20%
2. If they have no other risk factors of CVD
3. If they have microvascular end-organ damage or a 10-year CVD risk 10%*
4. Only if they are older than 40 years
5. Only if they have type 2 diabetes

141. Question

Which risk prediction model may be considered to estimate 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?

1. Framingham Risk Score
2. QRISK3
3. ASCVD Risk Estimator
4. Scottish/Swedish risk prediction model*
5. Reynolds Risk Score

142. Question

According to clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended to improve diabetes knowledge, glycaemic control, disease management, and patient empowerment in persons with diabetes?

1. Medication adherence programs
2. Regular physical activity
3. Structured education programmes*
4. Annual health check-ups
5. Dietary supplements

143. Question

According to the clinical practice guidelines, what is recommended to facilitate shared control and decision-making within the context of person priorities and goals?

1. Standardized treatment plans
2. Person-centred care*
3. Medication adherence programs
4. Routine follow-up appointments
5. Comprehensive diagnostic testing

144. Question

Which of the following strategies should be considered to enhance self-efficacy, self-care, and motivation in persons with diabetes?

1. Intensive insulin therapy
2. Regular physical exercise
3. Providing individual empowerment strategies*
4. Routine blood glucose monitoring
5. Medication adherence programs