Figure 1. The relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during exercise.

Dr Rawshani's

Exercise Stress Testing

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Wiggers diagram showing pressure, volume, Doppler signal, ECG and AV valves during the cardiac cycle. Doppler recording of mitral valve flow during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes; (c) = passive atrial filling.